NHTSA owner reports · September 18, 2026 snapshot.
Air Bags complaints
19 reportsClear category filter119,375 miles · Aug 27, 2020
Air BagsElectrical SystemUnknown Or Other
SWAPPED BATTERY AT O'REILLY'S AUTO PARTS. ALL MANUFACTURER SAFETY PROTOCOLS FOLLOWED. AFTER SWAPPING OUT W/NEW BATTERY: CLIMATE CONTROL MODULE NOT WORKING- SRS AIRBAG 'SERVICE URGENT' ERRORS. VOLVO QUOTING $2500 TO REPLACE CCM, $800 FOR REBUILD-PROCESS. DIM IS ALSO FRIED. NO HEAT OR A/C- AIRBAG ACCIDENTAL DEPLOYMENT RISK. QUIC…
Read full complaint
SWAPPED BATTERY AT O'REILLY'S AUTO PARTS. ALL MANUFACTURER SAFETY PROTOCOLS FOLLOWED. AFTER SWAPPING OUT W/NEW BATTERY: CLIMATE CONTROL MODULE NOT WORKING- SRS AIRBAG 'SERVICE URGENT' ERRORS. VOLVO QUOTING $2500 TO REPLACE CCM, $800 FOR REBUILD-PROCESS. DIM IS ALSO FRIED. NO HEAT OR A/C- AIRBAG ACCIDENTAL DEPLOYMENT RISK. QUICK SEARCH ONLINE SHOWS THIS IS A VOLVO ISSUE SPECIFIC TO S60, S80 & XC70 MODELS (ALL YEARS) FILED COMPLIANT W/VT STATE AG- CAP 2020-07438 ORIGINAL REPAIR ORDER ATTACHED
NHTSA ODI #11351616
120,000 miles · Mar 1, 2013
Air Bags
TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2000 VOLVO S80. THE CONTACT STATED THAT AFTER PARKING THE VEHICLE AND EXITING, THE DRIVER'S SIDE, PASSENGER'S SIDE AND THE CURTAIN AIR BAGS DEPLOYED INADVERTENTLY. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO A DEALER FOR DIAGNOSIS BUT THE TECHNICIANS COULD NOT DETERMINE A CAUSE FOR THE FAILURE. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOTIFIED …
Read full complaint
TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2000 VOLVO S80. THE CONTACT STATED THAT AFTER PARKING THE VEHICLE AND EXITING, THE DRIVER'S SIDE, PASSENGER'S SIDE AND THE CURTAIN AIR BAGS DEPLOYED INADVERTENTLY. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO A DEALER FOR DIAGNOSIS BUT THE TECHNICIANS COULD NOT DETERMINE A CAUSE FOR THE FAILURE. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOTIFIED AND AGREED TO COVER THE COST OF THE REPAIRS. THE VEHICLE WAS REPAIRED. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 120,000 AND THE CURRENT MILEAGE WAS 135,000.
NHTSA ODI #10500978
130,000 miles · Oct 26, 2012
Air Bags
I CHANGED THE BATTERY AND THE AIRBAG WARNING LIGHT WENT ON. WENT TO VOLVO DEALER AND WAS TOLD THAT CONTROL MODULE IS DEAD AND IT COST ME $900 TO REPLACE AIR BAG CONTROL MODULE. *TR
NHTSA ODI #10482329
200,000 miles · Oct 25, 2012
Air BagsElectrical SystemExterior Lighting
WHILE DRIVING MY 2000 VOLVO S80 ABOUT 20-25MPH ALL THE SUDDEN LOST POWER TO ALL MY GAUGES, DASHBOARD LIGHTS, POWER WINDOWS, & POWER LOCKS. THE RADIO WAS THE ONLY DEVICE THAT WAS WORKING. THE FOLLOWING MESSAGE WAS DISPLAYED SRS-AIRBAG SERVICE URGENT. I HAVE NOTICED A DIFFERENCE ON MY BRAKE PEDAL THAT IT DOES NOT RESPOND AS WELL A…
Read full complaint
WHILE DRIVING MY 2000 VOLVO S80 ABOUT 20-25MPH ALL THE SUDDEN LOST POWER TO ALL MY GAUGES, DASHBOARD LIGHTS, POWER WINDOWS, & POWER LOCKS. THE RADIO WAS THE ONLY DEVICE THAT WAS WORKING. THE FOLLOWING MESSAGE WAS DISPLAYED SRS-AIRBAG SERVICE URGENT. I HAVE NOTICED A DIFFERENCE ON MY BRAKE PEDAL THAT IT DOES NOT RESPOND AS WELL AS IT USE TOO THERE IS A SHORT DELAY WHEN STEPPED ON. BEFORE THIS INCIDENT I HAD NOTICED A CLICKING NOISE ON THE DRIVER SIDE WHEN A CAME TO A STOP LIKE A RELAY CHATTERING & ALSO THE AC WOULD COME ON WHEN THE CAR IS TURNED OFF. AT TIMES THE FOLLOWING MESSAGE WOULD APPEAR FREQUENTLY ALARM NEEDS SERVICING. I DON'T KNOW WHAT IS CAUSING THIS MALFUNCTIONS BUT IF ITS A MANUFACTURING PROBLEM VOLVO SHOULD BE LIABLE ON CORRECTING THE PROBLEM & PROVIDE US WITH A SAFE VEHICLE. *TR
NHTSA ODI #10482246
116,000 miles · Feb 3, 2011
Air BagsElectronic Stability Control (esc)Fuel System, Other
I HAVE A 2000 VOLVO S 80 AND IT WAS SOLD TO ME BY A DEALER THIS CAR HAS SO MANY PROBLEMS AND I FEEL THAT WHEN I TOOK THE CAR TO VOLVO THEY TRIED TO CHARGE ME 6400 JUST TO FIX THE PROBLEM LIKE ABS SENSORS,STC SENSOR , THROTTLE ETC I FEEL ITS UN FAIR I ONLY HAD THE CAR FOR 3DAYS WHAT CAN I DO. *TR
NHTSA ODI #10380108
95,000 miles · Dec 28, 2008
Air BagsCrashInjury
VOLVO S-80 AIRBAG FAILURE IN A SEVERE CRASH. 2000 VOLVO S-80 INVOLVED IN A SINGLE CAR ACCIDENT (DRIVER WAS THE ONLY OCCUPANT). WENT OFF ROAD AT 55+MPH, SPUN INTO A DITCH HIT THE SIDE OF A MOUNTAIN, TOSSED BACK ACROSS THE ROAD AND LANDED IN THE MEDIAN. TOTALED THE CAR. ALTHOUGH THE SIDE CURTAIN, SIDE IMPACT (IN DRIVER SIDE SEA…
Read full complaint
VOLVO S-80 AIRBAG FAILURE IN A SEVERE CRASH. 2000 VOLVO S-80 INVOLVED IN A SINGLE CAR ACCIDENT (DRIVER WAS THE ONLY OCCUPANT). WENT OFF ROAD AT 55+MPH, SPUN INTO A DITCH HIT THE SIDE OF A MOUNTAIN, TOSSED BACK ACROSS THE ROAD AND LANDED IN THE MEDIAN. TOTALED THE CAR. ALTHOUGH THE SIDE CURTAIN, SIDE IMPACT (IN DRIVER SIDE SEAT) AND PASSENGER FRONT AIRBAGS DEPLOYED, THE MAIN DRIVER AIRBAG IN THE STEERING WHEEL DID NOT DEPLOY. MULTIPLE MINOR INJURIES; UNKNOWN IF ANY WILL TURN OUT TO BE SERIOUS. *TR
NHTSA ODI #10252977
148,900 miles · Jan 15, 2008
Air BagsService Brakes, Hydraulic
SRS AIRBAG FAILURE AND ABS BRAKE WARNING LIGHTS AND ALERTS POSTED ON DASHBOARD DISPLAY. TURNS OUT THE PROBLEM WAS DEFECTIVE SOFTWARE AND WAS RESOLVED WITH A SOFTWARE UPDATE. THIS IS A CRITICAL SAFETY ISSUE SINCE THE FAILURE RESULTS IN THE DISABLING OF THE SYSTEMS. THE PROBLEM WAS DIAGNOSED AND FIXED IN ABOUT AN HOUR. VOLVO CLEAR…
Read full complaint
SRS AIRBAG FAILURE AND ABS BRAKE WARNING LIGHTS AND ALERTS POSTED ON DASHBOARD DISPLAY. TURNS OUT THE PROBLEM WAS DEFECTIVE SOFTWARE AND WAS RESOLVED WITH A SOFTWARE UPDATE. THIS IS A CRITICAL SAFETY ISSUE SINCE THE FAILURE RESULTS IN THE DISABLING OF THE SYSTEMS. THE PROBLEM WAS DIAGNOSED AND FIXED IN ABOUT AN HOUR. VOLVO CLEARLY NEW ABOUT THIS PROBLEMS SINCE THE SOFTWARE UPGRADE (AKA A FIX) WAS ALREADY COMPLETED AND AVAILABLE - VOLVO HAD TO PAY SOMEONE TO FIX THE SOFTWARE, WHY PAY THEM IF THERE WAS NO DEFECT. I BELIEVE THIS SAFETY ISSUE SHOULD BE AT LEAST ADVISED IF NOT MANDATORY FOR ALL OWNERS OF THESE VEHICLES. IT IS A SIMPLE EASY WAY TO AVOID A TRAGEDY IF THESE SYSTEMS ARE DISABLED BY DEFECTIVE SOFTWARE. *TR
NHTSA ODI #10214883
119,500 miles · Jan 6, 2008
Air BagsExterior LightingFuel System, Gasoline
1) ENGINE IDLES ROUGH, PROBLEM BECAME SO BAD THAT CAR STALLS AT LOW SPEEDS, LOST POWER STEERING & "ENGINE DIES" AT LOW SPEEDS (UNSAFE!). LOCAL MECH REFERRED TO ETM WARRANTY PROGRAM TO RE-PROGRAM FAULTY ETM MODULE. TOOK CAR TO DLR, RE-PROGRAMMED ETM CAR DIED AGAIN! TURNS OUT BAD BATTERY AS WELL: SEVERAL HUN…
Read full complaint
1) ENGINE IDLES ROUGH, PROBLEM BECAME SO BAD THAT CAR STALLS AT LOW SPEEDS, LOST POWER STEERING & "ENGINE DIES" AT LOW SPEEDS (UNSAFE!). LOCAL MECH REFERRED TO ETM WARRANTY PROGRAM TO RE-PROGRAM FAULTY ETM MODULE. TOOK CAR TO DLR, RE-PROGRAMMED ETM CAR DIED AGAIN! TURNS OUT BAD BATTERY AS WELL: SEVERAL HUNDRED $$$ TO REPLACE BATTERY. CAR DOES NOT ACCELERATE SMOOTHLY, LARGE "SHUDDERS" PRESENT WHEN MERGING ONTO HWY, DURING TRANSMISSION/GEAR SHIFT. NOT GOOD! 2) AIRBAG "SRS-URGENT SERVICE" WARNING INDICATOR LIGHT IS ON. GOOD LOCAL MECH. STATES THIS IS A $1000 REPAIR. 3) "CHECK BRAKE LIGHT" WARNING INDICATOR LIGHT TURNS ON WHEN DEPRESSING ON BRAKE PEDAL: GOOD LOCAL MECH. STATES THAT THIS IS "NORMAL" REQUIRES EXACT MATCHING ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF ALL BRAKE LAMPS TO ENSURE THAT "CHECK BRAKE LIGHT" WARNING DOES NOT OCCUR (IN ACTUALITY THE BRAKE LIGHTS WORK FINE, THE BUILT-IN-TEST IS FAULTY). 4) "CHECK ENGINE LIGHT" COMES ON 2-3 TIMES IN LAST 3 MONTHS. MAJOR SERVICE WAS REQUIRED. ONE FAULT WAS ISOLATED TO FUEL TANK GAS CAP: IF NOT SECURED PROPERLY "ECM-4308 (LEAK DIAGNOSTIC) LARGE LEAK" OCCURS...REMEDIED BY TWISTING FUEL CAP 3 FULL ROTATIONS, AFTER RE-FUELING GAS TANK. GOOD LOCAL MECH. DIAGNOSED THE LOOSE GAS CAP PROBLEM, WARNED ME ABOUT IT, AND DIDN'T CHARGE ME (NICE!). 5) BODY PAINT IS VERY SUSCEPTIBLE TO CHIPPING & SCRATCHES. PAINT OR EXTERIOR PANELS ARE VERY SOFT AND EASILY DAMAGED. ANOTHER SHAME, THIS CAR LOOKS GREAT BUT DOES NOT HOLD UP VERY WELL UNDER TYPICAL PARKING LOT CONDITIONS (I.E. SOMEONE PARKED NEXT TO YOU OPENS THEIR CAR DOOR INTO THE SIDE OF YOUR CAR RESULTING IN A LARGE SCRATCH). SOLUTION: PURCHASE A FANCY CAR COVER AND PROTECT THE BODY PAINT, IF YOU CAN! 6) PARKING BRAKE "SEEMS LOOSE", UPON PARKING CAR AND ENGAGING PARKING BRAKE THE VEHICLE ROLLS ALMOST 30 CM BWDS OR FWD DEPENDING ON LEVEL OR INCLINED SURFACE. *TR
NHTSA ODI #10213987
111,000 miles · Apr 10, 2007
Air BagsSteeringCrash
TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2000 VOLVO S80. WHILE DRIVING AT 7 MPH THE STEERING WHEEL LOCKED. THE VEHICLE CRASHED INTO A TREE AND ROLLED OVER. UPON IMPACT, THE AIR BAGS DID NOT DEPLOY. THE ROAD CONDITIONS WERE CLEAR. THE VEHICLE HAS NOT BEEN INSPECTED TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF THE FAILURE. THE CURRENT AND FAILURE MILEAGE WERE 11…
Read full complaint
TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2000 VOLVO S80. WHILE DRIVING AT 7 MPH THE STEERING WHEEL LOCKED. THE VEHICLE CRASHED INTO A TREE AND ROLLED OVER. UPON IMPACT, THE AIR BAGS DID NOT DEPLOY. THE ROAD CONDITIONS WERE CLEAR. THE VEHICLE HAS NOT BEEN INSPECTED TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF THE FAILURE. THE CURRENT AND FAILURE MILEAGE WERE 111,000. *AK
NHTSA ODI #10187440
78,000 miles · Aug 31, 2006
Air Bags
DT*: THE CONTACT STATED, THE AIRBAG INDICATOR LIGHT ILLUMINATED VEHICLE WAS INSPECTED BY THE SERVICE DEALER WHO INDICATED THE ELECTRONIC CONTROL MODULE FOR THE AIR BAG FAILED. WHEN THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOTIFIED, THE CONTACT WAS REFERRED BACK TO THE SERVICE DEALER, WHO OFFERED TO DISCOUNT FOR THE REPAIR.
NHTSA ODI #10167151
Official recalls
4Nov 8, 2010
VOLVO IS RECALLING CERTAIN VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH GARMIN 760 PORTABLE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) UNITS BECAUSE THE BATTERIES ON THOSE UNITS MAY OVERHEAT.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: AN OVERHEATED BATTERY COULD LEAD TO A FIRE.
Remedy: VOLVO ADVISES OWNERS TO PLEASE STOP USING THE GARMIN PORTABLE GPS DEVICE IMMEDIATELY, AND VISIT THE GARMIN WEBSITE TO DETERMINE IF THEIR UNIT IS AFFECTED. THE UNIT'S BATTERY WILL BE REPLACED WITH A NEW BATTERY AND A SPACER WILL BE INSERTED ON TOP OF THE BATTERY NEXT TO THE PCB. THIS SERVICE WILL BE PERFORMED FREE OF CHARGE. THE SAFETY RECALL BEGAN ON NOVEMBER 18, 2010. OWNERS MAY CONTACT GARMIN AT 866-957-1981 OR VISIT GARMIN'S WEBSITE AT WWW.GARMIN.COM/NUVIBATTERYPCBRECALL.
Nov 15, 2006
ON CERTAIN PASSENGER VEHICLES, A COMBINATION OF THROTTLE POSITIONING SENSOR IRREGULARITIES, A DIRTY THROTTLE HOUSING, AND/OR INEFFICIENT SOFTWARE CALIBRATION MAY CAUSE A WARNING LAMP TO LIGHT AND THE SUBSEQUENT ONSET OF LIMP HOME MODES.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: THIS RESULTED IN A HIGH NUMBER OF VEHICLES GOING INTO THE LIMP HOME MODE WITHOUT NEED.
Remedy: DEALERS WILL INSTALL THE CURRENT SOFTWARE UPGRADE ONTO THE INVOLVED VEHICLES. THE RECALL BEGAN ON DECEMBER 29, 2006. OWNERS MAY CONTACT VOLVO AT 1-800-458-1552.
Sep 13, 2004
ON CERTAIN PASSENGER AND SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES, UNDER CERTAIN OPERATING CONDITIONS, SOME ELECTRIC COOLING FANS MAY OVERHEAT POTENTIALLY CAUSING HEAT DAMAGE AND, IN RARE INSTANCES, A FIRE IN THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: A FIRE IN THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT COULD OCCUR.
Remedy: DEALERS WILL REPLACE THE COOLING FAN. THE RECALL BEGAN ON NOVEMBER 29, 2004. CUSTOMERS SHOULD CONTACT VOLVO CARS AT 1-800-458-1552.
Aug 24, 2000
VEHICLE DESCRIPTION: PASSENGER VEHICLES. OVER TIME, THE BALL JOINT BETWEEN THE FRONT WHEEL KING PIN AND THE SUSPENSION LINK ARM, CAN EXPERIENCE INCREASED LOOSENESS.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: THIS CONDITION COULD AFFECT THE BALL JOINT'S DURABILITY AND PERFORMANCE.
Remedy: DEALERS WILL REPLACE BOTH FRONT BALL JOINTS.
Model-level recall history does not show whether a particular VIN is affected or has received a repair. Check a VIN with NHTSA ↗
NHTSA investigations
2EA05021 · Throttle Control Malfunction
Opened Dec 6, 2005 · Closed Dec 12, 2006
Status: closed (inferred from source dates) · Vehicle Speed Control
ON NOVEMBER 14, 2006 VOLVO SUBMITTED A DEFECT INFORMATION REPORT TO NHTSA CONCERNING ETM FAILURES IN MODEL YEAR (MY) 1999 THROUGH 2001 VOLVO MODELS (NOT INCLUDING THE S40 AND V40), MY 2002 S60 AND V70 WITH NATURALLY ASPIRATED ENGINES AND MY 2002 V70S.ACCORDING TO VOLVO, ?A COMBINATION OF THROTTLE POSITIONING SENSOR IRREGULARITIES, A DIRTY THROTTLE HOUSING AND/OR INEFFICIENT SOFTWARE CALIBRATION MAY CAUSE A WARNING LAMP TO LIGHT AND THE SUBSEQUENT ONSET OF LIMP HOME MODES.VOLVO FURTHER STATED THAT,THIS RESULTED IN A HIGH NUMBER OF THESE VEHICLES GOING INTO LIMP HOME MODE WITHOUT NEED.?VOLVO INDICATED THAT THIS WAS THE MOST SEVERE CONSEQUENCE OF AN ETM FAULT IN THE SUBJECT VEHICLES.THE RECALL REMEDY IS A SOFTWARE UPGRADE INTRODUCED BY VOLVO ON MARCH 16, 2006 IN A CUSTOMER SATISFACTION PROGRAM.AT THE TIME OF THE NOTIFICATION 161,202 VEHICLES OF THE POPULATION OF 331,301 HAD ALREADY HAD THE SOFTWARE UPLOADED AND WERE THEREFORE NOT INCLUDED IN THE POPULATION COUNT OF THE RECALL. ODI?S ANALYSIS OF COMPLAINTS TO ODI AND VOLVO, VOLVO FIELD REPORTS AND WARRANTY DATA FOUND THAT ETM FAILURE COULD RESULT IN (1) ENGINE STALL; (2) MECHANICAL LIMP MODE; (3) LUNGING FORWARD DURING LOW-SPEED DRIVING MANEUVERS; AND (4) FALTERING DURING HIGH SPEED MERGES OR WHEN CROSSING TRAFFIC.ODI IDENTIFIED 12 CRASHES RELATED TO ETM FAILURE, WITH 6 CAUSED BY LUNGING INCIDENTS, 3 CAUSED BY STALLING INCIDENTS, 2 CAUSED BY MECHANICAL LIMP MODE AND 1 FROM THE FALTERING CONDITION.ODI'S ANALYSIS OF COMPLAINT DATA AND INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM CONSUMER INTERVIEWS IDENTIFIED 1,289 INCIDENTS WITH SAFETY RELATED CONSEQUENCES (389.1 PER 100,000 VEHICLES), INCLUDING 479 INVOLVING ENGINE STALL (144.6 PER 100,000 VEHICLES) AND 729 INVOLVING MECHANICAL LIMP MODE (220.0 PER 100,000 VEHICLES).ODI'S ANALYSIS OF WARRANTY CLAIM NARRATIVE TEXT SHOWS AT LEAST 14,965 WARRANTY CLAIMS WITH CODES INDICATING AN ETM FAULT RESULTING IN VEHICLE OPERATION IN MECHANICAL LIMP MODE (4.5% OF THE SUBJECT VEHICLES). VOLVO?S RECALL ADDRESSES ODI?S SAFETY CONCERNS WITH ETM FAILURES.ODI WILL CONTINUE TO MONITOR THE SUBJECT VEHICLES TO DETERMINE IF ADDITIONAL ACTION IS REQUIRED.THIS ENGINEERING ANALYSIS IS CLOSED.
PE05041 · Throttle Control Malfunction
Opened Jul 26, 2005 · Closed Dec 7, 2005
Status: closed (inferred from source dates) · Vehicle Speed Control
PE05-041 WAS OPENED ON JULY, 26, 2005, BASED ON 136 CONSUMER COMPLAINTS TO ODI ALLEGING THROTTLE CONTROL MALFUNCTIONS IN THE SUBJECT VEHICLES.ODI HAS NOW RECEIVED 591 COMPLAINTS OF ETM FAILURES WHICH ALLEGE SYMPTOMS WITH POTENTIAL SAFETY RELATED CONSEQUENCES.THESE INCLUDE ALLEGATIONS OF ENGINE STALL, VEHICLE SURGING FORWARD WITHOUT ACCELERATOR INPUT, VEHICLE HESITATION UPON ACCELERATION AND SUDDEN AND UNEXPECTED TRANSITION INTO REDUCED PERFORMANCE OPERATION (LIMP MODE).VOLVO SUBMITTED OVER 2,900 COMPLAINTS CONCERNING THE ETM IN THE SUBJECT VEHICLES DURING PE05-041.ODI'S PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF A SAMPLE THE VOLVO COMPLAINTS IDENTIFIED APPROXIMATELY 55 PERCENT WITH ONE OR MORE OF THE SYMPTOMS DESCRIBED ABOVE.ODI IS CONTINUING ITS ASSESSMENT OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE VOLVO COMPLAINTS. IN NOVEMBER 2005, TO RESOLVE AN INVESTIGATION BY THE CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD, VOLVO ANNOUNCED THAT IT WOULD EXTEND THE WARRANTY COVERAGE TO 10 YEARS / 200,000 MILES FOR THE ETM IN APPROXIMATELY 356,000 MODEL YEAR 1999 THROUGH 2002 PASSENGER CARS SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.UNDER VOLVO'S POLICY, VEHICLES THAT EXPERIENCE ETM FAILURES WILL RECEIVE A VARIETY OF REPAIRS INCLUDING ETM CLEANING, REPROGRAMMING THE ENGINE CONTROL MODULE AND/OR REPLACEMENT OF THE ETM. THIS INVESTIGATION HAS BEEN UPGRADED TO AN ENGINEERING ANALYSIS (EA05-021) TO CONTINUE TO ASSESS THE SAFETY CONSEQUENCES OF ETM FAILURES IN THE SUBJECT VEHICLES.