← New search

2019 Toyota Highlander

Owner reports · Recalls · Investigations

More warning signs than most Highlander years

Owner complaints for the 2019 Toyota Highlander are substantially higher than the model-year median of 186.5.

About this comparison →

When problems were reported

Mileage at the reported incident

140 reports with mileage · 340 unknown

NHTSA’s mileage field refers to the reported incident, not necessarily the filing date. This shows report counts, not the likelihood of a failure.

What to inspect

Issues worth paying extra attention to based on owner reports.

  • Power Train. Review the 194 owner reports in this category and discuss these concerns during a pre-purchase inspection. Read reports →
  • Fuel/propulsion System. Review the 86 owner reports in this category and discuss these concerns during a pre-purchase inspection. Read reports →
  • Engine. Review the 69 owner reports in this category and discuss these concerns during a pre-purchase inspection. Read reports →

NHTSA owner reports · September 18, 2026 snapshot.

22 crash reports1 fire reports12 injury reports

What owners actually said

480 reports
15,000 miles · May 26, 2020
EnginePower Train

WITH 300MILES ON HIGHLANDER STARTED TO EXPERIENCE ISSUES IN DRIVING AND DROP IN PERFORMANCE. PERFORMANCE WAS VERY SIGNIFICANT ESPECIALLY NOTICEABLE IN MPG. AT SCENARIOS WHEN THE CAR WOULD NOT DRIVE UP THE HILL BUT REV TO MAX AND START ROLLING BACK WITH 'CLICKING' NOISE. TOYOTA WAS SEND TO SERVICE MANY TIMES AFTER TO MULTIPLE TOY…

Read full complaint

WITH 300MILES ON HIGHLANDER STARTED TO EXPERIENCE ISSUES IN DRIVING AND DROP IN PERFORMANCE. PERFORMANCE WAS VERY SIGNIFICANT ESPECIALLY NOTICEABLE IN MPG. AT SCENARIOS WHEN THE CAR WOULD NOT DRIVE UP THE HILL BUT REV TO MAX AND START ROLLING BACK WITH 'CLICKING' NOISE. TOYOTA WAS SEND TO SERVICE MANY TIMES AFTER TO MULTIPLE TOYOTA DEALERSHIPS BUT THEY DID NOT HAVE ANY DIAGNOSIS. AT 15K MILES ON THE CAR DRIVING ON HIGHWAY (70MPH) THE HIGHLANDER LOST POWER AND STARTED LOUD NOISE. WHEN PULLED OVER FOUND OIL SMELL AND SMOKE FROM ENGINE. DURING EXAMINATION FOUND 3 CYLINDER WENT LOOSE. DURING THAT TIME ONE OF THEM CAME OFF THE SIDE AND HIT THE TRANSMISSION. ALMOST A FULL MONTH THE HIGHLANDER WAS REBUILT BUT NO FINAL WORD WHAT HAD HAPPENED BY TOYOTA CORP. THE CAR IS ABOUT 17K MILES AND STARTED TO ACT THE SAME WAY. AS A FAMILY WE ARE AFRAID TO DRIVE THE CAR ESPECIALLY MY PREGNANT WIFE WITH CHILDREN. I AM AFRAID THIS MAY HAPPEN AGAIN AND CAN LOCK UP ALL WHEELS AND CAN RESULT IN MASSIVE ACCIDENT. TOYOTA IS NOT TAKING THIS AS SERIOUS AND SEEMS TO ME THEY DO NOT CARE. AS OF RIGHT NOW THE HIGHLANDER HAS PROBLEMS WITH ALIGNMENT, LANE ASSIST, AND LACK OF POWER. PLEASE SEE PICTURES. *TR

NHTSA ODI #11326088

Mileage unknown · May 21, 2020
Fuel System, Gasoline

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2019 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER. THE CONTACT RECEIVED NOTIFICATION OF NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 20V012000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE) HOWEVER, THE PART TO DO THE RECALL REPAIR WAS UNAVAILABLE. THE CONTACT CALLED TO ED MORSE DELRAY TOYOTA (2800 S FEDERAL HWY, DELRAY BEACH, FL 33483, (561)770-3157) WHERE IT WAS CONFIRMED T…

Read full complaint

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2019 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER. THE CONTACT RECEIVED NOTIFICATION OF NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 20V012000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE) HOWEVER, THE PART TO DO THE RECALL REPAIR WAS UNAVAILABLE. THE CONTACT CALLED TO ED MORSE DELRAY TOYOTA (2800 S FEDERAL HWY, DELRAY BEACH, FL 33483, (561)770-3157) WHERE IT WAS CONFIRMED THAT THE PART WAS NOT AVAILABLE. THE CONTACT STATED THAT THE MANUFACTURER EXCEEDED A REASONABLE AMOUNT OF TIME FOR THE RECALL REPAIR. THE MANUFACTURER WAS MADE AWARE OF THE ISSUE. THE CONTACT HAD NOT EXPERIENCED A FAILURE. VIN TOOL CONFIRMS PARTS NOT AVAILABLE.

NHTSA ODI #11325433

Mileage unknown · May 14, 2020
Fuel System, Gasoline

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2019 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER. THE CONTACT RECEIVED NOTIFICATION OF NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 20V012000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE) HOWEVER, THE PART TO DO THE RECALL REPAIR WAS UNAVAILABLE. THE CONTACT CALLED TOYOTA OF CLEVELAND (3560 VILLAGE N BLVD, MCDONALD, TN 37353, (423) 339-1138) WHERE IT WAS CONFIRMED THAT THE …

Read full complaint

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2019 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER. THE CONTACT RECEIVED NOTIFICATION OF NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 20V012000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE) HOWEVER, THE PART TO DO THE RECALL REPAIR WAS UNAVAILABLE. THE CONTACT CALLED TOYOTA OF CLEVELAND (3560 VILLAGE N BLVD, MCDONALD, TN 37353, (423) 339-1138) WHERE IT WAS CONFIRMED THAT THE PART WAS NOT AVAILABLE. THE CONTACT STATED THAT THE MANUFACTURER EXCEEDED A REASONABLE AMOUNT OF TIME FOR THE RECALL REPAIR. THE MANUFACTURER HAD NOT BEEN MADE AWARE OF THE ISSUE. THE CONTACT HAD NOT EXPERIENCED A FAILURE. VIN TOOL CONFIRMS PARTS NOT AVAILABLE.

NHTSA ODI #11324525

6,000 miles · May 11, 2020
Electrical SystemFuel/propulsion SystemVehicle Speed ControlCrash

TL* THE CONTACT LEASED A 2019 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER. THE CONTACT STATED THAT WHILE DRIVING SLOW AND ATTEMPTING TO PARK IN A PARKING SPACE, THE ENTIRE INSTRUMENT PANEL FLASHED ALONG WITH A CHIME. THERE WAS A LOUD NOISE COMING FROM THE ENGINE WHILE THE VEHICLE PROPELLED FORWARD. THE BRAKE PEDAL WAS DEPRESSED TO STOP THE VEHICLE HOWEVE…

Read full complaint

TL* THE CONTACT LEASED A 2019 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER. THE CONTACT STATED THAT WHILE DRIVING SLOW AND ATTEMPTING TO PARK IN A PARKING SPACE, THE ENTIRE INSTRUMENT PANEL FLASHED ALONG WITH A CHIME. THERE WAS A LOUD NOISE COMING FROM THE ENGINE WHILE THE VEHICLE PROPELLED FORWARD. THE BRAKE PEDAL WAS DEPRESSED TO STOP THE VEHICLE HOWEVER THE VEHICLE CONTINUED OVER A CURB AND CRASHED INTO A POLE WHERE IT CAME TO A STOP. THE VEHICLE WAS POWERED OFF IN ORDER FOR THE VEHICLE SPEED TO STOP. NO AIR BAGS DEPLOYED. THERE WERE NO INJURIES REPORTED. A POLICE REPORT WAS FILED AND THE VEHICLE WAS DRIVEN TO THE RESIDENCE. THE LOCAL MILLENNIUM TOYOTA DEALER (257 N FRANKLIN ST, HEMPSTEAD, NY 11550) WAS CALLED WHERE IT WAS SUGGESTED TO HAVE THE VEHICLE TOWED AND THAT THEY WOULD FOLLOW UP ONCE THE VEHICLE WAS IN THEIR POSSESSION. THE VEHICLE WAS TOWED THE DEALER BUT NO CALL WAS RECEIVED SO THE CONTACT CALLED AND LEFT A VOICEMAIL. THE MANUFACTURER WAS THEN CALLED AND MADE AWARE OF THE FAILURE. THE CONTACT WAS ALSO INFORMED BY THE MANUFACTURER THAT PAPER WORK WAS NEEDED TO HAVE THE VEHICLE INSPECTED AND THAT THE BLACK BOX WAS TO BE INSPECTED WHICH COULD TAKE A WEEK FOR THE RESULTS AND A MONTH FOR A SOLUTION. THE CONTACT RECEIVED NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 20V012000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE) HOWEVER THE RECALL REMEDY WAS NOT AVAILABLE. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 6,000.

NHTSA ODI #11324106

Mileage unknown · May 6, 2020
Fuel/propulsion System

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2019 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER. THE CONTACT RECEIVED NOTIFICATION OF NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 20V012000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE) HOWEVER, THE PART TO DO THE RECALL REPAIR WAS NOT YET AVAILABLE. THE CONTACT STATED THAT THE MANUFACTURER HAD EXCEEDED A REASONABLE AMOUNT OF TIME FOR THE RECALL REPAIR. AN UNKNOWN DEALER W…

Read full complaint

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2019 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER. THE CONTACT RECEIVED NOTIFICATION OF NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 20V012000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE) HOWEVER, THE PART TO DO THE RECALL REPAIR WAS NOT YET AVAILABLE. THE CONTACT STATED THAT THE MANUFACTURER HAD EXCEEDED A REASONABLE AMOUNT OF TIME FOR THE RECALL REPAIR. AN UNKNOWN DEALER WAS CONTACTED AND CONFIRMED THE PART WAS NOT AVAILABLE. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOT MADE AWARE OF THE ISSUE. THE CONTACT HAD NOT EXPERIENCED A FAILURE. VIN TOOL CONFIRMS PARTS NOT AVAILABLE.

NHTSA ODI #11323549

15,000 miles · May 6, 2020
Fuel System, Gasoline

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2019 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER. THE CONTACT RECEIVED NOTIFICATION OF NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 20V012000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE) HOWEVER, THE PART TO DO THE RECALL REPAIR WAS NOT YET AVAILABLE. THE CONTACT STATED THE MANUFACTURER HAD EXCEEDED A REASONABLE AMOUNT OF TIME FOR THE RECALL REPAIR. THE CONTACT STATED THAT …

Read full complaint

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2019 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER. THE CONTACT RECEIVED NOTIFICATION OF NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 20V012000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE) HOWEVER, THE PART TO DO THE RECALL REPAIR WAS NOT YET AVAILABLE. THE CONTACT STATED THE MANUFACTURER HAD EXCEEDED A REASONABLE AMOUNT OF TIME FOR THE RECALL REPAIR. THE CONTACT STATED THAT THE CHECK ENGINE AND TRACTION CONTROL WARNING LIGHTS WERE ILLUMINATED. TOYOTA OF MELBOURNE (24 N HARBOR CITY BLVD, MELBOURNE, FL 32935, (321) 254-8888) WAS CONTACTED AND CONFIRMED THE PART WAS NOT AVAILABLE. THE MANUFACTURER WAS MADE AWARE OF THE FAILURE. THE APPROXIMATE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 15,000. VIN TOOL CONFIRMS PARTS NOT YET AVAILABLE. *BF*JB

NHTSA ODI #11323476

3,000 miles · May 2, 2020
Fuel/propulsion System

MANUFACTURER REPORTS THAT VEHICLE MAY STALL AND NOT RESTART LEAVING DRIVER STRANDED .

NHTSA ODI #11323031

16,982 miles · Apr 30, 2020
Seat Belts

THE RIGHT REAR SEATBELT (2ND ROW SEAT IN VEHICLE WITH 3 ROWS) RIPPED FROM BASIC USE FROM A CHILD AND HAD TO BE REPLACED BY TOYOTA. WE BROUGHT THE VEHICLE NEW FROM TOYOTA SUDBURY, MA AND OWNED APPROXIMATELY 1-YEAR. IN LATE DECEMBER 2019, MY CHILD NOTICED THE REAR SEATBELT WAS RIPPED. WE TOOK THE VEHICLE TO TOYOTA WELLESLEY, MA FO…

Read full complaint

THE RIGHT REAR SEATBELT (2ND ROW SEAT IN VEHICLE WITH 3 ROWS) RIPPED FROM BASIC USE FROM A CHILD AND HAD TO BE REPLACED BY TOYOTA. WE BROUGHT THE VEHICLE NEW FROM TOYOTA SUDBURY, MA AND OWNED APPROXIMATELY 1-YEAR. IN LATE DECEMBER 2019, MY CHILD NOTICED THE REAR SEATBELT WAS RIPPED. WE TOOK THE VEHICLE TO TOYOTA WELLESLEY, MA FOR WARRANTY REPAIR. TOYOTA REFUSED TO REPAIR AND STATED THE SEATBELT WAS INTENTIONALLY CUT BY US. NOW WHY WOULD WE INTENTIONALLY CUT A SEATBELT USED BY OUR CHILDREN JUST TO PAY AND HAVE IT REPAIRED? SINCE TOYOTA REFUSED TO FIX, AND WE REQUIRED A SEATBELT TO TRANSPORT OUR CHILDREN IMMEDIATELY, WE HAD TO FIX AND PAY TOYOTA $429. CLEARLY WE DID NOT CUT THE SEATBELT AND THE PICTURES CLEARLY INDICATE IT WAS NOT CUT BUT IT WAS RIPPED AND FRAYED FROM USE OR DEFECT. WE WANT TO REPORT THIS DEFECT MATTER AS I BELIEVE IT IS A SIGNIFICANT SAFETY ISSUE AND ONE IN WHICH TOYOTA DID NOT EVEN WANT TO INVESTIGATE. NEEDLESS TO SAY, WE WILL NEVER BUY ANOTHER TOYOTA VEHICLE SINCE THIS IS HOW THEY VIEW SIGNIFICANT SAFETY ISSUES. I KEPT THE OLD SEATBELT IN CASE IT IS NEEDED FOR TESTING.

NHTSA ODI #11322895

16,982 miles · Apr 30, 2020
Seat Belts

THE RIGHT REAR SEATBELT (2ND ROW SEAT IN VEHICLE WITH 3 ROWS) RIPPED FROM BASIC USE FROM A CHILD AND HAD TO BE REPLACED BY TOYOTA. WE BROUGHT THE VEHICLE NEW FROM TOYOTA SUDBURY, MA AND OWNED APPROXIMATELY 1-YEAR. IN LATE DECEMBER 2019, MY CHILD NOTICED THE REAR SEATBELT WAS RIPPED. WE TOOK THE VEHICLE TO TOYOTA WELLESLEY, MA FO…

Read full complaint

THE RIGHT REAR SEATBELT (2ND ROW SEAT IN VEHICLE WITH 3 ROWS) RIPPED FROM BASIC USE FROM A CHILD AND HAD TO BE REPLACED BY TOYOTA. WE BROUGHT THE VEHICLE NEW FROM TOYOTA SUDBURY, MA AND OWNED APPROXIMATELY 1-YEAR. IN LATE DECEMBER 2019, MY CHILD NOTICED THE REAR SEATBELT WAS RIPPED. WE TOOK THE VEHICLE TO TOYOTA WELLESLEY, MA FOR WARRANTY REPAIR. TOYOTA REFUSED TO REPAIR AND STATED THE SEATBELT WAS INTENTIONALLY CUT BY US. NOW WHY WOULD WE INTENTIONALLY CUT A SEATBELT USED BY OUR CHILDREN JUST TO PAY AND HAVE IT REPAIRED? SINCE TOYOTA REFUSED TO FIX, AND WE REQUIRED A SEATBELT TO TRANSPORT OUR CHILDREN IMMEDIATELY, WE HAD TO FIX AND PAY TOYOTA $429. CLEARLY WE DID NOT CUT THE SEATBELT AND THE PICTURES CLEARLY INDICATE IT WAS NOT CUT BUT IT WAS RIPPED AND FRAYED FROM USE OR DEFECT. WE WANT TO REPORT THIS DEFECT MATTER AS I BELIEVE IT IS A SIGNIFICANT SAFETY ISSUE AND ONE IN WHICH TOYOTA DID NOT EVEN WANT TO INVESTIGATE. NEEDLESS TO SAY, WE WILL NEVER BUY ANOTHER TOYOTA VEHICLE SINCE THIS IS HOW THEY VIEW SIGNIFICANT SAFETY ISSUES. I KEPT THE OLD SEATBELT IN CASE IT IS NEEDED FOR TESTING.

NHTSA ODI #11322893

Mileage unknown · Apr 30, 2020
Fuel/propulsion System

I HAVE A 2019 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER. A FRIEND INFORMED ME OF THE RECALL THAT WAS IDENTIFIED BACK IN JANUARY 2020 REGARDING THE FAILING FUEL PUMPS AND RISK OF CRASH. TOYOTA NEVER SENT ME A LETTER WITHIN THE 60 DAYS. I'VE BEEN WAITING ON A SOLUTION EVER SINCE. ON APRIL 30 (TODAY), I FINALLY GOT A LETTER LABELED "INTERIM NOTICE". THE L…

Read full complaint

I HAVE A 2019 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER. A FRIEND INFORMED ME OF THE RECALL THAT WAS IDENTIFIED BACK IN JANUARY 2020 REGARDING THE FAILING FUEL PUMPS AND RISK OF CRASH. TOYOTA NEVER SENT ME A LETTER WITHIN THE 60 DAYS. I'VE BEEN WAITING ON A SOLUTION EVER SINCE. ON APRIL 30 (TODAY), I FINALLY GOT A LETTER LABELED "INTERIM NOTICE". THE LETTER SAYS THEY ARE WORKING ON A SOLUTION. I HAVE FIVE CHILDREN AND IT IS NOT RIGHT THAT WE HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT ENDING UP IN A CRASH EVERY TIME WE DRIVE IT. I FEEL THAT I HAVE BEEN VERY PATIENT WITH THE SITUATION. NO SOLUTION AFTER 4 MONTHS IS COMPLETELY UNACCEPTABLE. TOYOTA SHOULD BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE AND APPROPRIATELY RECOMPENSE OWNERS IN SOME MANNER IN ADDITION TO REPLACING THE DEFECTIVE PART FREE OF CHARGE.

NHTSA ODI #11322870

Official recalls

3

20V682000 · Fuel System, Gasoline:delivery:fuel Pump

Nov 4, 2020

Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing (Toyota) is recalling certain 2018-2019 4Runner, 2019-2020 Avalon, 2019 Corolla Hatchback, 2017-2019 Highlander, 2018-2020 Camry, 2020 Corolla, 2018-2019 Land Cruiser, 2017-2020 Tacoma, 2019-2020 RAV4, 2019-2020 Sequoia, 2017-2020 Sienna, 2019-2020 Tundra, 2018-2020 Lexus ES350, 2017 Lexus GS200t, 2017-2019 Lexus GS350, 2019 Lexus GS300, 2018-2020 Lexus LC500h, 2019-2020 Lexus LS500, 2018-2019 Lexus GX460, 2017 Lexus IS200t, 2019 Lexus IS300, 2019 Lexus IS350, 2018-2020 Lexus LC500, 2018 Lexus LS500, 2019 Lexus LS500h, 2018-2019 Lexus LX570, 2017 Lexus RC200t, 2019 Lexus RC300, RC350, 2017 and 2019-2020 Lexus RX350, 2018-2020 RX350L, 2019 Lexus UX200, 2018-2019 Lexus NX300 vehicles. The low-pressure fuel pump inside the fuel tank may fail.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: If the fuel pump fails, the engine can stall while driving, increasing the risk of a crash.

Remedy: Toyota will notify owners, and dealers will replace the fuel pump assembly with an improved one, free of charge. Owners of specific models were notified that remedy parts were available starting January 21, 2021. Owners of other models will be notified as remedy parts become available. Remedy parts should be available for all affected vehicles by late March 2021. Owners may contact Toyota customer service at 1-888-270-9371 or Lexus customer service at 1-800-255-3987. Note: This recall is an expansion of recall 20V-012. Toyota's number for this recall is 20TA02. Lexus' number for this recall is 20LA01.

20V012000 · Fuel System, Gasoline:delivery:fuel Pump

Jan 13, 2020

Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing (Toyota) recalled certain 2018-2019 4Runner, Highlander, Camry, Land Cruiser, Sequoia, Sienna, Tacoma and Tundra, and Lexus RC 300, RC 350, GS 350, GX 460, IS 300, LC 500, LS 500, LX 570, RX 350L, and 2019 Toyota Avalon and Corolla, and certain Lexus NX 300, and ES 350 vehicles on January 13, 2020. On March 4, 2020, Toyota expanded the recall to include certain 2014-2015 Toyota 4Runner and Land Cruiser, 2018 Avalon, Corolla, 2014 FJ Cruiser, 2017 Sienna and Lexus 2018 ES 350, 2018-2019 GS 300, 2013-2014 GS350, 2014-2015 GX 460, IS 350 and LX 570, 2014 IS F, 2018-2019 IS 350, LC 500H and LS 500H, 2013-2015 LS 460, 2015 NX 200T and RC350, 2017 RC 200T and RX 350. Toyota also removed the 2018-2019 Toyota 4Runner and Land Cruiser and 2018-2019 Lexus GX 460 and LX 570 and 2019 NX300 from inclusion in this recall. On March 19, 2020, Toyota expanded the recall to include 2015 Lexus GS350 vehicles. The low-pressure fuel pump inside the fuel tank may fail.

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: If the fuel pump fails, the engine can stall while driving, increasing the risk of a crash.

Remedy: Toyota will notify owners, and dealers will replace the fuel pump, free of charge. The recall began May 4, 2020. Owners may contact Toyota customer service at 1-888-270-9371 or Lexus customer service at 1-800-255-3987. Toyota's numbers for this recall are 20TB02 and 20TA02 for Toyota vehicles and 20LB01 and 20LA01 for Lexus vehicles.

19V244000 · Equipment:other:labels

Mar 27, 2019

Gulf States Toyota (GST) is recalling certain 2019 C-HR, 4Runner, Avalon, Avalon Hybrid, Camry, Camry Hybrid, Highlander, Land Cruiser, Prius, RAV4, Sequoia, Tacoma, Sienna, Tundra and Yaris vehicles. The text on the load capacity label may become illegible. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 110, "Tire Selection and Rims."

Consequence & remedy

Consequence: If the driver cannot read the label, they may unknowingly overload the vehicle, increasing the risk of a crash.

Remedy: GST will notify owners, and dealers will provide corrected load carrying capacity modification labels, free of charge. The recall began May 24, 2019. Owners may contact GST customer service at 1-800-444-1074. GST's number for this recall is 19R1.

Model-level recall history does not show whether a particular VIN is affected or has received a repair. Check a VIN with NHTSA ↗

NHTSA investigations

0

No exact-year investigations in this snapshot.