IllustrationAC STOPPED BLOWING COOL AIR AND BLOWS OUT HOT AIR EVEN AT THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE. ALSO A BURNING SMELL IS NOTICEABLE WHEN GETTING INTO THE CAR.
2011 BMW 328I
Owner reports · Recalls · Investigations
More warning signs than most 328I years
Owner complaints for the 2011 BMW 328I are substantially higher than the model-year median of 98.
About this comparison →How this year compares
Owner complaints by model year
Compare all 328I years →Counts vary with age, sales and reporting. They are not failure rates.
What owners reported most
All reported categories
Tap a category to read its complaints. One report may name several components.
When problems were reported
Mileage at the reported incident
200–25K
3125–50K
3750–75K
5775–100K
87100–150K
36150K+
268 reports with mileage · 309 unknown
NHTSA’s mileage field refers to the reported incident, not necessarily the filing date. This shows report counts, not the likelihood of a failure.
What to inspect
Issues worth paying extra attention to based on owner reports.
- Engine. Review the 194 owner reports in this category and discuss these concerns during a pre-purchase inspection. Read reports →
- Engine And Engine Cooling. Review the 175 owner reports in this category and discuss these concerns during a pre-purchase inspection. Read reports →
- Electrical System. Review the 129 owner reports in this category and discuss these concerns during a pre-purchase inspection. Read reports →
NHTSA owner reports · September 18, 2026 snapshot.
18 crash reports25 fire reports15 injury reports
Unknown Or Other complaints
43 reportsI BOUGHT A USED 2011 BMW 328I FROM A USED DEALERSHIP. I DROVE IT HOME THE FIRST DAY STARTED TO OVERHEAT. I CHECKED THE CARFAX ON THE CAR & IT HAS 2 RECALLS. IS IT ILLEGAL FOR A DEALER TO SELL ME A CAR KNOWING IT HAS A 2 SAFETY RECALLS?
I RECEIVED A LETTER IN NOVEMBER 2017 ABOUT THE RECALL, PARTS ARE STILL NOT IN TO COMPLETE RECALL. I LIVE IN PHOENIX, AZ WHERE SUMMERS ARE HOT.....I NEED THIS FIX PRIOR TO THE SUMMER MONTHS IN ORDER TO RUN MY AC. THANK YOU FOR YOUR HELP. RECALL CAMPAIGN NO. 17V-676 RECALL CAMPAIGN NO. 17V-683
BMW HAS SENT RECALLS BUT AFTER CALLING, THEY SAID DON'T HAVE THE PARTS AND ITS NOT CLEAR WHEN PARTS WILL BE AVAILABLE! AIR BAGS &BLOWER MOTOR WIRING
WHILE LOOKING UP THE RECALL FOR THE TAKATA RECALL, I NOTICED THERE WAS AN OPEN RECALL ON MY CAR FOR THE VANOS HOUSING BOLTS, I HAD NOT RECEIVED A NOTICE IN THE MAIL EVEN THOUGH I HAD UPDATED MY ACCOUNT WITH BMW AT FIRST NOTICE OF THE TANAKA RECALL. I HAD MY CAR SERVICED FOR THE VANO HOUSING REPAIR WHICH THEY REMOVED THE VALVE CO…
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WHILE LOOKING UP THE RECALL FOR THE TAKATA RECALL, I NOTICED THERE WAS AN OPEN RECALL ON MY CAR FOR THE VANOS HOUSING BOLTS, I HAD NOT RECEIVED A NOTICE IN THE MAIL EVEN THOUGH I HAD UPDATED MY ACCOUNT WITH BMW AT FIRST NOTICE OF THE TANAKA RECALL. I HAD MY CAR SERVICED FOR THE VANO HOUSING REPAIR WHICH THEY REMOVED THE VALVE COVER TO INSPECT THE BOLTS AND FOUND A BROKEN BOLT ON THE VANOS HOUSING AND REPLACED THE EXHAUST, REMOVED AND INSPECTED THE OIL PAN TO REMOVE THE FRAGMENTS. I PAID FOR AN OIL CHANGE THAT DAY. LESS THAN 7300 MILES AND 2 QUARTS OF OIL LATER I WAS EXPERIENCING AN OIL LEAK THAT WAS CAUSED BY AN IMPROPERLY SEATED VALVE COVER NOT SEATING TO THE CYLINDER HEAD. THEY OFFERED TO REPAIR A BROKEN CYLINDER HEAD BOLT FOR $500 I DECLINED AS MY MECHANIC SAID IT DIDN'T MAKE SENSE AND THEY SHOULD REPAIR A BOLT IF THEY ARE ALREADY IN THERE. I'D ALSO LIKE TO NOTE THAT THE RECALL LISTED THE REPAIR WAS TO TAKE 4 HOURS BUT THEY HAD MY CAR 3 DAYS. NO LOANER WAS GIVEN UNTIL THE END OF THE 2ND DAY. THEY ARE NOW REFUSING TO REIMBURSE ME FOR THE VALVE COVER $1000 REPAIR. I NOTICED ONLINE THAT SEVERAL DEALERS REPLACED THE VALVE COVER AS A PART OF THIS SERVICE TO AVOID THIS PROBLEM, THOUGH BERT SMITH BMW ST. PETERSBURG, FL DID NOT. I ALSO HAVE 2 OTHER OPEN RECALLS ON MY CAR THAT HAVE BEEN LISTED AS A REMEDY NOT AVAILABLE SINCE DECEMBER 2017.
"TAKATA RECALL" WHILE STOPPED AT A RED LIGHT, WE WERE STRUCK FROM BEHIND BY A VEHICLE WHO THEN RAN FROM THE SCENE.THE IMPACT WAS SEVERE ENOUGH THAT MY PASSENGER, JULIE COPPERSMITH LOST CONSCIOUSNESS FOR A FEW SECONDS FROM EITHER HITTING THE DASH OR JUST FROM THE VIOLENT MOVEMENT FORWARD. SHE WAS WEARING HER SEAT BELT BUT THE S…
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"TAKATA RECALL" WHILE STOPPED AT A RED LIGHT, WE WERE STRUCK FROM BEHIND BY A VEHICLE WHO THEN RAN FROM THE SCENE.THE IMPACT WAS SEVERE ENOUGH THAT MY PASSENGER, JULIE COPPERSMITH LOST CONSCIOUSNESS FOR A FEW SECONDS FROM EITHER HITTING THE DASH OR JUST FROM THE VIOLENT MOVEMENT FORWARD. SHE WAS WEARING HER SEAT BELT BUT THE SHOULDER RESTRAINT FAILED AND THE AIRBAG DID NOT DEPLOY. THE MALFUNCTION WAS ACKNOWLEDGED ON THE CARS INFORMATION SYSTEM.
2 RECALLS: I HAVE TWO RECALLS ON MY CAR AND BMW DOES NOT HAVE A SOLUTION OR A POTENTIAL SOLUTION OR DATE. THEY WILL NOT SUGGEST A FIX OR REPLACE ANYTHING. THE REPORT CLAIMS HIGH RISK OF CAR SETTING ON FIRE. THIS SEEMS LIKE A PRETTY SIGNIFICANT ISSUE.
SMELL COMING FROM THE FRONT OF CAR. IT'S STRONG AT TIMES AND THEN GOES AWAY. A LITTLE SMOKE IN FRONT NEAR GOOD THEN GOES AWAY.
TAKATA RECALL: ALL BEGAN FROM PURCHASE 09/2013 HAD ENGINE BOLT FIXED ON RECALL, BUT SINCE SEVERAL ENGINE WORK PERFORMED DUE TO LOSS OF POWER WHEN DRIVING, HAD REPLACED COIL/TUNE UP DONE, SEVERAL GASKETS IN THE ENGINE HASD TO BE REPLACED BY BMW DEALER, AND DEALER CAN'T FIX VEHICLE FOR "SPUTTERING/BACK FIRING" WHEN SITTING AT LIG…
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TAKATA RECALL: ALL BEGAN FROM PURCHASE 09/2013 HAD ENGINE BOLT FIXED ON RECALL, BUT SINCE SEVERAL ENGINE WORK PERFORMED DUE TO LOSS OF POWER WHEN DRIVING, HAD REPLACED COIL/TUNE UP DONE, SEVERAL GASKETS IN THE ENGINE HASD TO BE REPLACED BY BMW DEALER, AND DEALER CAN'T FIX VEHICLE FOR "SPUTTERING/BACK FIRING" WHEN SITTING AT LIGHT OR STATIONARY IT JUST STUTTERS. TIME TO TIME DRIVER WINDOW WILL NOT ROLL DOWN WHEN IN CAR. ALSO, THE SEAT BELT LIGHT CHIMES TO PUT SEAT BELT ON AND NO ONE IS IN PASSENGER SEAT. STEREO LIGHTS PIXELS BURNING OUT & SOUND FROM TIME TO TIME THE SPEAKERS HAS MUFFLED SOUND OR POOR QUALITY SOUND. BROUGHT CAR WITH 20,000 MILES AND NOW HAS 57,000 MILES AND ISSUES WITH ENGINE IS WAY TOO MUCH FOR LOW MILEAGE.
I HAD JUST LEFT MY HOUSE FOR WORK AND WAS A FEW MINUTES DOWN THE STREET AT A LIGHT WHEN I SAW WHITE SMOKE COMING FROM THE DASH/HOOD AREA. I PULLED OVER AND TURNED OFF THE CAR AND GOT OUT WITHIN SECONDS THE CAR WAS UP IN FLAMES. I COULD HEAR THE CAR TURNING ITSELF ON EVEN THOUGH IT WAS OFF AND I HAD THE KEYS. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT …
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I HAD JUST LEFT MY HOUSE FOR WORK AND WAS A FEW MINUTES DOWN THE STREET AT A LIGHT WHEN I SAW WHITE SMOKE COMING FROM THE DASH/HOOD AREA. I PULLED OVER AND TURNED OFF THE CAR AND GOT OUT WITHIN SECONDS THE CAR WAS UP IN FLAMES. I COULD HEAR THE CAR TURNING ITSELF ON EVEN THOUGH IT WAS OFF AND I HAD THE KEYS. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT CAME. MY CAR LITERALLY BURNT TO THE GROUND. THEY SAID IT SEEMED LIKE AN ELECTRICAL PROBLEM. IF I WASN'T AT A STOP, OR IF I WAS ON THE FREEWAY THE CAR FILLED SO QUICKLY WITH WHITE SMOKE THAT I WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN ABLE TO SEE AND COULD HAVE CRASHED OR BEEN TRAPPED. BMW DID NOTHING AND TOOK NO RESPONSIBILITY. THEY TRIED TO OFFER ME A DISCOUNT TOWARDS A NEW BMW IF I SIGNED AN NDA. I KNOW SEE ALL THE NEWS REPORTS AND WANTED TO MAKE SURE THIS WAS REPORTED. THIS HAPPENED IN 11/2016. I HAVE VIDEO AND PHOTOS
Official recalls
724V513000 · Air Bags:frontal; Air Bags:frontal:driver Side:inflator Module
Jul 3, 2024
BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2006-2011 3 Series Sedan (324i, 325i, 325xi, 328i, 328xi, 330i, 330xi, 335i, 335xi), 2006-2012 3 Series Sportswagon (325xi, 328i, 328xi), and 2009-2011 3 Series Sedan (335d) vehicles. The original steering wheel may have been replaced with a sport or M-sport steering wheel equipped with an inflator that can explode during deployment.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: An inflator explosion may result in sharp metal fragments striking the driver or other occupants, resulting in serious injury or death.
Remedy: Dealers will inspect and replace the driver's air bag module as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed August 30, 2024. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Additional source detail variants (2)
Air Bags:frontal:driver Side:inflator Module
BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2006-2011 3 Series Sedan (324i, 325i, 325xi, 328i, 328xi, 330i, 330xi, 335i, 335xi), 2006-2012 3 Series Sportswagon (325xi, 328i, 328xi), and 2009-2011 3 Series Sedan (335d) vehicles. The original steering wheel may have been replaced with a sport or M-sport steering wheel equipped with an inflator that can explode during deployment.
Consequence: An inflator explosion may result in sharp metal fragments striking the driver or other occupants, resulting in serious injury or death.
Remedy: Dealers will inspect and replace the driver's air bag module as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed August 30, 2024. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Air Bags:frontal
BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2006-2011 3 Series Sedan (324i, 325i, 325xi, 328i, 328xi, 330i, 330xi, 335i, 335xi), 2006-2012 3 Series Sportswagon (325xi, 328i, 328xi), and 2009-2011 3 Series Sedan (335d) vehicles. The original steering wheel may have been replaced with a sport or M-sport steering wheel equipped with an inflator that can explode during deployment.
Consequence: An inflator explosion may result in sharp metal fragments striking the driver or other occupants, resulting in serious injury or death.
Remedy: Dealers will inspect and replace the driver's air bag module as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed August 30, 2024. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
20V017000 · Air Bags:frontal:driver Side:inflator Module
Jan 15, 2020
BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2008-2013 128i and 135i Convertibles, 128i, 135i, and M Coupes, 2007-2010 X3 30si and X3 xDrive30i, 2013-2015 X1 sDrive28i, X1 xDrive28i and X1 xDrive35i, 2007-2013 328i, 328i xDrive, 335i, 335is, 335i xDrive and M3 Coupes, 2006-2011 328i, 328xi, 328i xDrive, 325i, 325xi, 330i, 330xi, 335i, 335xi, 335i xDrive and M3, 2009-2011 335D, 2006-2012 325xi, 328i, 328xi and 328i xDrive, 2010-2011 X6 ActiveHybrid, 2007-2013 328i, 335i, 335is, M3 Coupes, X5 30si, X5 xDrive30i, X5 xDrive35i, X5 48i, X5 xDrive48i, X5 xDrive50i and X5 M, 2009-2013 X5 xDrive35d and 2008-2014 X6 xDrive35i, X6 xDrive50i and X6M vehicles equipped with non-desiccated driver frontal air bag inflators containing phase stabilized ammonium nitrate (PSAN) that were used as interim remedy parts for previous Takata recalls. These inflators may explode due to propellant degradation occurring after long-term exposure to high absolute humidity, high temperatures, and high temperature cycling.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: An inflator explosion may result in sharp metal fragments striking the driver or other occupants resulting in serious injury or death.
Remedy: BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the driver air bag. On X5 and X6 vehicles, only the inflator will be replaced. All repairs will be performed free of charge. The recall began March 11, 2020. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
17V683000 · Engine And Engine Cooling:exhaust System:emission Control:crankcase (pcv)
Oct 30, 2017
BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2008-2011 128i and 2007-2011 328i, 328xi, 328i xDrive, 525i, 525xi, 528i, 528xi, 530i, 530xi, X3 3.0si, X3 xDrive30i, X5 xDrive30i, Z4 3.0i, Z4 3.0si and Z4 sDrive30i vehicles. The heater for the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve may short circuit.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: An electrical short can cause the parts within the PCV valve to melt, increasing the risk of a fire, even when the vehicle is not in use.
Remedy: BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the PCV valve heater, free of charge. Interim letters were mailed on November 27, 2017. Owners will receive a second notification by the end of October 2018. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
17V676000 · Electrical System:wiring
Oct 25, 2017
BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2006-2011 323i, 325i, 325xi, 328i, 328xi, 330i, 330xi, 335i, 335xi and M3, 2007-2011 328i xDrive, 335i xDrive and 335is and 2009-2011 335d vehicles. The wiring and electrical connectors for the system that controls air flow for the heating and air conditioning system may overheat.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: Wiring that overheats could cause the electrical connectors to melt, and increase the risk of a fire, even when the vehicle is unattended.
Remedy: BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the wiring and electrical connectors, free of charge. Interim letters were mailed on November 27, 2017. Owners will receive a second notice when the remedy becomes available. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
14V176000 · Engine And Engine Cooling:engine
Apr 10, 2014
BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain model year 2010-2011 128i Coupe, 128i Convertible, 328i Sedan, 328i xDrive Sedan, 328i Coupe, 328i Convertible, 328i Sports Wagon and Z4 sDrive 30i, 2011-2012 135i Coupe, 135i Convertible, 335i Sedan, X5 xDrive 35i, and X6 xDrive 35i, 2011 335i xDrive Sedan, 335i Coupe, 335i Convertible, 528i Sedan, 535i Sedan, 535i xDrive Sedan, X3 xDrive 28i, and X3 xDrive 35i, 2010 X3 xDrive 30i, and X5 xDrive 30i, 2012 640i Coupe, and 640i Convertible and 2010-2012 535i Gran Turismo vehicles. In the affected vehicles, the bolts that secure the housing for the variable camshaft timing adjustment (VANOS) unit can loosen over time and may possibly break.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: If the bolts loosen or break the engine may have reduced power or stall. An engine stall increases the risk of a crash.
Remedy: BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the four VANOS housing bolts for both VANOS units (intake and exhaust), free of charge. In addition, owners of approximately 170,172 model year 2010-2012 BMW vehicles equipped with inline 6 cylinder engines not covered by this recall, will receive an extended warranty to address this condition. The recall began on September 24, 2014. Owners may contact BMW at 1-800-525-7417.
13V044000 · Electrical System; Electrical SYSTEM:12V/24V/48V Battery:cables; Electrical System:wiring:fuses And Circuit Breakers
Feb 7, 2013
BMW is recalling certain model year 2008-2012 1-Series coupes and convertibles manufactured December 2007 through September 2011; and 2007-2011 3-Series coupes and convertibles manufactured March 2007 through October 2011; 2007-2011 3-Series sedans manufactured March 2007 through October 2011; 2007-2011 3-Series sports wagons manufactured March 2007 through June 2011; and 2009-2011 Z4 vehicles manufactured March 2009 through June 2011. In February 2013, BMW recalled 504,545 vehicles. In July 2013, BMW informed the agency that it was adding 1-Series, 3-Series, and Z4 vehicles, representing an additional 12,094 vehicles. The total number of vehicles being recalled is now 516,791. The connector for the positive battery cable connector and the corresponding terminal on the fuse box may degrade over time. Over time, the high current flow and heat from electrical resistance may lead to a breakage of the connection, and a loss of electrical power to the vehicle.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: If there is a loss of electrical power to the vehicle, the vehicle may unexpectedly stall, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the positive battery cable connector and secure it with an improved method, free of charge. The recall began on March 13, 2013. Owners may call BMW at 1-800-525-7417 or email BMW at CustomerRelations@bmwusa.com.
Additional source detail variants (3)
Electrical System:wiring:fuses And Circuit Breakers
BMW is recalling certain model year 2008-2012 1-Series coupes and convertibles manufactured December 2007 through September 2011; and 2007-2011 3-Series coupes and convertibles manufactured March 2007 through October 2011; 2007-2011 3-Series sedans manufactured March 2007 through October 2011; 2007-2011 3-Series sports wagons manufactured March 2007 through June 2011; and 2009-2011 Z4 vehicles manufactured March 2009 through June 2011. In February 2013, BMW recalled 504,545 vehicles. In July 2013, BMW informed the agency that it was adding 1-Series, 3-Series, and Z4 vehicles, representing an additional 12,094 vehicles. The total number of vehicles being recalled is now 516,791. The connector for the positive battery cable connector and the corresponding terminal on the fuse box may degrade over time. Over time, the high current flow and heat from electrical resistance may lead to a breakage of the connection, and a loss of electrical power to the vehicle.
Consequence: If there is a loss of electrical power to the vehicle, the vehicle may unexpectedly stall, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the positive battery cable connector and secure it with an improved method, free of charge. The recall began on March 13, 2013. Owners may call BMW at 1-800-525-7417 or email BMW at CustomerRelations@bmwusa.com.
Electrical SYSTEM:12V/24V/48V Battery:cables
BMW is recalling certain model year 2008-2012 1-Series coupes and convertibles manufactured December 2007 through September 2011; and 2007-2011 3-Series coupes and convertibles manufactured March 2007 through October 2011; 2007-2011 3-Series sedans manufactured March 2007 through October 2011; 2007-2011 3-Series sports wagons manufactured March 2007 through June 2011; and 2009-2011 Z4 vehicles manufactured March 2009 through June 2011. In February 2013, BMW recalled 504,545 vehicles. In July 2013, BMW informed the agency that it was adding 1-Series, 3-Series, and Z4 vehicles, representing an additional 12,094 vehicles. The total number of vehicles being recalled is now 516,791. The connector for the positive battery cable connector and the corresponding terminal on the fuse box may degrade over time. Over time, the high current flow and heat from electrical resistance may lead to a breakage of the connection, and a loss of electrical power to the vehicle.
Consequence: If there is a loss of electrical power to the vehicle, the vehicle may unexpectedly stall, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the positive battery cable connector and secure it with an improved method, free of charge. The recall began on March 13, 2013. Owners may call BMW at 1-800-525-7417 or email BMW at CustomerRelations@bmwusa.com.
Electrical System
BMW is recalling certain model year 2008-2012 1-Series coupes and convertibles manufactured December 2007 through September 2011; and 2007-2011 3-Series coupes and convertibles manufactured March 2007 through October 2011; 2007-2011 3-Series sedans manufactured March 2007 through October 2011; 2007-2011 3-Series sports wagons manufactured March 2007 through June 2011; and 2009-2011 Z4 vehicles manufactured March 2009 through June 2011. In February 2013, BMW recalled 504,545 vehicles. In July 2013, BMW informed the agency that it was adding 1-Series, 3-Series, and Z4 vehicles, representing an additional 12,094 vehicles. The total number of vehicles being recalled is now 516,791. The connector for the positive battery cable connector and the corresponding terminal on the fuse box may degrade over time. Over time, the high current flow and heat from electrical resistance may lead to a breakage of the connection, and a loss of electrical power to the vehicle.
Consequence: If there is a loss of electrical power to the vehicle, the vehicle may unexpectedly stall, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the positive battery cable connector and secure it with an improved method, free of charge. The recall began on March 13, 2013. Owners may call BMW at 1-800-525-7417 or email BMW at CustomerRelations@bmwusa.com.
11V476000 · Power Train:driveline:driveshaft
Sep 15, 2011
BMW IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2011 328I XDRIVE AND 335I XDRIVE VEHICLES MANUFACTURED FROM FEBRUARY 8, 2011, THROUGH JULY 29, 2011. THE FRONT DRIVESHAFT ATTACHMENT BOLTS MAY NOT HAVE BEEN TIGHTENED TO SPECIFICATION. IF THE BOLTS WERE NOT TIGHTENED TO SPECIFICATION, THEY MAY BECOME LOOSE.
Consequence & remedy
Consequence: IF THE BOLTS LOOSEN, IT COULD LEAD TO A LOSS OF POWER TO THE FRONT WHEELS AND ULTIMATELY A VEHICLE BREAKDOWN, INCREASING THE RISK OF A CRASH.
Remedy: BMW WILL NOTIFY OWNERS, AND DEALERS WILL REPLACE THE FRONT DRIVESHAFT ATTACHMENT BOLTS FREE OF CHARGE. THE SAFETY RECALL IS EXPECTED TO BEGIN DURING OCTOBER 2011. OWNERS MAY CONTACT BMW CUSTOMER RELATIONS AND SERVICES AT 1-800-525-7417.
Model-level recall history does not show whether a particular VIN is affected or has received a repair. Check a VIN with NHTSA ↗
NHTSA investigations
0No exact-year investigations in this snapshot.